10. Enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy changes in chemical reactions

About the authors


Arvind Kumar

A Ph.D. in Physics (1969), was on the faculty of the Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research) until his retirement in 2008. In his long teaching and research career, his primary academic interests have been theoretical physics and physics education.

Savita Ladage

A Ph.D. in Science Education(1995), is a faculty member at the same institution. Her primary academic interest for nearly three decades has been chemistry education at secondary, higher secondary and tertiary stages. Her research interests are learning in chemistry laboratory and conceptual pitfalls in chemistry. She also supervises undergraduate research projects in chemistry. She heads the chemistry cell of the Centre that oversees India’s participation in International Chemistry Olympiad.

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